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Lead single crystal 82Pb207.19
Known to ancient civilizations.
[Anglo-Saxon: lead; Latin: plumbum]
French: plomb
German: blei
Italian: piombo
Spanish: plomo
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Description: Lead is a soft, weak, ductile, dull grey metal that tarnishes in moist air but is stable to oxygen and water. It dissolves in HNO3. Lead is used in batteries, cables, glass, solder, radiation shielding, etc. A little is still used in paints and petrol but generally this use is being phased out.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
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| Crystal structure: |
fcc |
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| Production method: |
Bridgman |
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| Standard size: |
diameter 10-12mm
thickness 1-2mm |
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| Orientation: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
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| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
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| Polishing: |
electrochemical |
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| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
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| Purity: |
99.99% |
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| Typical analysis (ppm): |
Ag < 0,5
Bi < 5 |
Cu < 0,5
Fe < 1
Pb balance |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group
f.c.c. (a=495.00), Fm3m |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 232 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 120 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
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| Neutron scattering length: |
0.9405 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
0.171 sa / barns
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| Density: |
11.4 g/cm3 |
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| Melting point: |
327.50 °C / 600.65 °K |
| Boiling point: |
1739.85 °C / 2013 °K |
| Molar volume: |
18.26 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
35.3 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
29.1 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
20.648x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-1.39 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
16.1 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
5.59 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
45.8 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.44 GPa |
| Radii: |
Pb4+ 84; Pb2+ 132; atomic 175; covalent 154 |
| Electronegativity: |
2.33 (Pauling); 1.55 (Allred); 3.90 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
5.65 (Slater); 12.39 (Clementi); 15.33 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
41 |
| Issotope mass range: |
184 -> 214 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
none |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
c. 50 mg - 100 g |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (acetate, intravenous, mouse)=104 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
Lead is moderately toxic by ingestion and affects the gut and central nervous
system and causes anaemia. However, most ingested lead passes through the body without
being absorbed. It is a cumulative poison and lead poisoning is a common occupational
disease. Lead compounds can be carcinogenic and teratogenic
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| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
0.21 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
3.6 - 30 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
3 - 12 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
0.23 - 3.3 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
0.06 - 0.5 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
120 mg (stored in skeleton) |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
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| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Anglesite |
PbSO4 |
6.38 |
2.5 - 3 |
orth., adam./greasy white |
| Boulangerite |
Pb5Sb4S11 |
6.23 |
2.5 - 3 |
orth., met. bluish-grey |
| Bournonite |
PbCuSbS3 |
5.8 |
2.5 - 3 |
orth., met. steel-grey |
| Cerussite |
PbCO3 |
6.55 |
3 - 3.5 |
orth., adam./vit. Col. |
| Galena |
PbS |
7.58 |
2.6 |
cub., met. grey |
| Minium |
Pb3O4 |
9.05 |
2.5 |
tet., greasy red/brown |
| Pyromorphite |
Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
7.04 |
3.5 - 4 |
hex., barrel-shaped crystals, often hollow |
| Chief ore: |
galena is the main ore (with silver as a by-product), pyromorphite,
boulangerite and cerussite are minor ores.
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| World production: |
2.8 x 106 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
galena in USA, Australia, Mexico, West Germany; boulangerite in France. |
| Reserves: |
85 x 106 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as foil, granules, ingots, powder, rod, shot and wire. CARE !
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| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
85.1 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
14 p.p.m. |
| Atmosphere: |
(volume) trace |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
30 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
4.0 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Pacific surface: |
10 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
1 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Residence time:: |
50 years |
| Classification: |
scavenged |
| Oxidation state: |
II |
Other sizes and specifications on request
© 1996 - 2008 MaTecK GmbH - Im Langenbroich 20 - D-52428 Juelich - phone: +49 (0) 2461 / 9352-0 - fax: +49 (0) 2461 / 9352-11 - Contact: info@mateck.de
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