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Cadmium single crystal 48Cd112.40
Discovered in 1817 by F. Stromeyer at Göttingen, Germany.
[Latin: cadmia = calamine]
French: cadmium
German: kadmium
Italian: cadmio
Spanish: cadmio
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Description: Cadmium is a silvery metal that tarnishes in air, and is soluble
in acids but not alkalis. It is used in rechargeable batteries, alloys and pigments,
but because of its toxicity these uses are being phased out wherever possible.
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Metal single crystal properties
| State: |
single crystal |
| Crystal structure: |
rhombohedral |
| Production method: |
Bridgeman |
| Standard size: |
diameter 12mm
thickness 1-2mm |
| Orientation: |
(0001) |
| Orientation accuracy: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
| Polishing: |
as cut, one or two sides electrochemical polished |
| Roughness of surface: |
<0.03µm |
| Purity: |
99.999% |
Further Materials properties
| Crystal structure: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group,
h.c.p. (a=297.94, c=561.86), P63/mmc |
| X-ray diffractions mass absorption coefficients: |
CuKa 231 (µ/r) / cm2g-1
MoKa 27.5 (µ/r) / cm2g-1 |
| Neutron scattering length: |
0.51 b/10-12 cm |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section: |
2450 sa / barns |
| Density: |
8.65 g/cm3 |
| Melting point: |
320.95 °C / 594.1 °K |
| Boiling point: |
764.85 °C / 1038 °K |
| Molar volume: |
13.00 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
96.8 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
29.8 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
6.83x10-8 [273 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-2.21 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
62.6 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
24.0 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
51.0 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.30 GPa |
| Radii: |
Cd2+ 103; Cd+ 114; atomic 149; covalent 141 |
| Electronegativity: |
1.69 (Pauling); 1.46 (Allred); 4.33 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
4.35 (Slater); 8.19 (Clementi); 11.58 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
31 |
| Issotope mass range: |
99 -> 124 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
None has been proved, although suspected. It is stimulatory |
| Toxicity |
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| Toxic intake: |
17 mg kg-1 (chloride, oral, rat) |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50 (chloride, oral, guinea pig) = 63 mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
Cadmium is toxic but its emetic action means that little is absorbed, so fatal poisoning rarely occurs. Cadmium is carcinogenic and teratogenic. |
| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
0.0052 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
<1.8 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
2 - 22 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
0.14 - 3.2 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
0.007 - 3 mg |
Total mass of element in average
[70 kg] person: |
50 mg |
Geological data
| Minerals: |
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| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Cadmoselite |
a-CdSe |
5.6 |
n.a. |
hex., res./adam. black |
| Greenockite |
CdS |
4.9 |
3 - 3.5 |
hex., yellow, tiny prisms |
| Otavite |
CdCO3 |
5.03 |
n.a. |
rhom., adam. white/brown |
| Chief ore: |
none as such, most cadmium is produced as a by-product of the
smelting of zinc from its ore ZnS, in which CdS is a significant impurity. |
| World production: |
13900 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
see zinc |
| Reserves: |
see zinc |
| Specimen: |
available as foil, granules, powder, rod, shot, stick ore wire. CARE ! |
| Abundances |
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| Sun: |
71 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
| Earth's crust: |
0.11 ppm |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
1.1 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
38 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Pacific surface: |
1.1 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
100 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
| Residence time: |
30 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
II |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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