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Phosphorus 15P30.9738
Discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brandt at Hamburg, Germany.
[Greek: phosphoros = bringer of light]
French: phosphore
German: Phosphor
Italian: fosforo
Spanish: fósforo
Description: White phosphorus (P4) is soft and flammable, while red
phosphorus is powdery and usually non-flammable. Neither form reacts with water
or dilute acids, but alkalis react to form phosphine gas. Phosphorus compounds
are used in fertilizers, insecticides, metal treatments, detergents, foods, etc.
Materials properties
| Density: |
1820 (P4); 2200 (red); 2690 (black) kg/m-3 [293 K] |
| Melting point: |
317.3 (P4); 683 (red) °K under pressure |
| Boiling point: |
553 (P4) °K |
| Critical temperature: |
994 °K |
| Molar volume: |
17.02 (P4) cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
0.235 (P4); 12.1 (black) [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
124.5 x 10-6(P4) K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
1 x 109(P4) [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-1.1 x 10-8 (P4); -8.4 x 10-9 (red) kg-1m3 |
| Radii: |
P3- 212; atomic 115(red)93(white); covalent single bond 110; van der Waals 190 |
| Electronegativity: |
2.19 (Pauling); 2.06 (Allred); 5.62 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
4.80 (Slater); 4.89 (Clementi); 5.28 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
10 |
| Issotope mass range: |
26 -> 36 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
Phosphorus is a constituent of DNA, ATP and many other biochemical molecules. The phosphate cycle in nature is very important and this nutrient is often the limiting factor, e.g. in the oceans. |
| Toxicity |
|
| Toxic intake: |
(white P,oral, rat) = 11 µg kg-1 |
| Lethal intake: |
(white P, oral, human) = 100 mg |
| Hazards: |
White phosphorus is much more toxic than red phosphorus. Chronic poisoning of those working unprotected with the former leads to necrosis of the jaw (phossy-jaw).
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| Level in humans |
|
| Blood: |
345 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
67 000 - 71 000 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
3 - 8.5 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
3000 - 8500 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
900 - 1900 mg |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
780 g |
Crystal data
| Crystal structure, (cell dimentions / pm), space group |
α-P4 white, cubic (a = 1851), I43m
β-P4 white, rhombohedral (a=337.7; c=880.6), R3m [high pressure form]
γ-P4 white, cubic (a=237.7), Pm3m or P43
Red cubic (a= 1131),Pm3m or P43 Hittorf's phosphorus (purple), monoclinic (a=921, b=915, c=2260,β=106.1°), P2/c
Black, orthorhombic (a=331.36), b=1047.8, c=437.63), Cmca |
| X-ray diffraction: mass absorption coefficients (µ/ρ)/cm2g-1 : |
CuKα 74.1 MoKα 7.89 |
| Neutron scattering length, b/10-12cm: |
0.513 |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section, σa/barns : |
0.172 |
Geological data
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Apatite* |
Ca5(PO4)3(F,OH) |
3.2 |
5 |
hex., vit. var. colors (esp. yellow) |
| Phosphophyllite |
Zn2(Fe,Mn)(PO4)2.4H2O |
3.109 |
3 - 3.5 |
mon., vit. colorless/blue green |
| Turquoise |
CuAl6(PO)4(OH)5.5H2O |
2.84 |
5 - 6 |
tric., vit. blue/blue-green |
| Vivianite |
Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O |
2.68 |
1.5 - 2 |
mon., vit./earthy deep blue |
*The fluoride form is also known as fluoroapatite.
| Chief ore: |
apatite/fluorapatite, of which there are vast deposits; turquoise ( ornamental stone) |
| World production: |
153x 106 tonnes/year |
| Main minng areas: |
Russia, USA, Morocco, Tunisia, Togo, Nauru |
| Reserves: |
5.7 x 109 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as white phosphorus sticks (Danger!)and red phosphorus lumps or powder (Care!) |
| Abundances |
|
| Sun: |
3.16 x 105 (relative to H = 1 x 1023) |
| Earth's crust: |
1000 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
0.0015 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
0.042 p.p.m. |
| Pacific surface: |
0.0015 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
0.084 p.p.m. |
| Residence time: |
100 000 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
V |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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