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Bromine 35Br79.909
Discovered in 1826 by A.J.Balard at Montpellier, France, and C.Löwig at Heidelberg, Germany.
[Greek: bromos = stench]
French: brome
German: Brom
Italian: bromo
Spanish: bromo
Description: Bromine is
a red, dense, sharp smelling liquid (BR2) that is extracted
industrially from sea water. Bromine compounds are used in fuel additives,
pesticides, flame-retardants and photography.
Materials properties
| Density: |
4050 kg/m-3 [123 K]; 3122,6 [293]; 7.59 (gas) |
| Melting point: |
265.9 °K |
| Boiling point: |
331.93 °K |
| Critical temperature: |
588 °K |
| Molar volume: |
19.73 [123 K] cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
0.122 [300 K] ( I ) Wm-1K-1 |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-4.4 x 10-9( l ) kg-1m3 |
| Radii: |
Br - 196; covalent 114; van der Waals 195 |
| Electronegativity: |
2.96 (Pauling); 2.74 (Allred); 7.59 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
7.60 (Slater); 9.03 (Clementi); 10.89 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
28 |
| Issotope mass range: |
72 -> 92 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
None proved. |
| Toxicity |
Br2 is very toxic; bromide is slightly toxic. |
| Toxic intake: |
3 g. (Br - ) |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50(Br2, oral, human) = c. 1g; bromide > 35 g |
| Hazards: |
Bromine is corrosive and its vapour attacks the eyes and lungs. Bromide intake leads to depression and loss of weight.
|
| Level in humans |
|
| Blood: |
4.7 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
6.7 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
0.2 - 7 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
7.7 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake : |
0.8 - 24 mg |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
260 mg |
Crystal data
| Crystal structure, (cell dimentions / pm), space group |
orthorhombic (120 K) (a=673.7, b=454.8, c=876.1), Cmca |
| X-ray diffraction: mass absorption coefficients (µ/ρ)/cm2g-1: |
CuKα 99.6 MoKα 79.8 |
| Neutron scattering length, b/10-12cm: |
0.679 |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section, σa/barns : |
6.8 |
Geological data
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Bromargyrite |
AgBr |
6.474 |
2.5 |
res./adam. colorless |
| Chief ore: |
sea water. Dead Sea and natural brines; salt-lake evaporates |
| World production: |
330 000 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
USA, Israel, UK, Russia, France, Japan |
| Reserves: |
almost unlimited |
| Specimen: |
available as the liquid in sealed ampoules. Danger! |
| Abundances |
|
| Sun: |
n.a. |
| Earth's crust: |
0.37 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
65 p.p.m. |
| Residence time: |
1 x 108 years |
| Classification: |
accumulating |
| Oxidation state: |
-I |
Other sizes and specifications on request
© 1996 - 2008 MaTecK GmbH - Im Langenbroich 20 - D-52428 Juelich - phone: +49 (0) 2461 / 9352-0 - fax: +49 (0) 2461 / 9352-11 - Contact: info@mateck.de
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