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Beryllium 4Be9.0122
Discovered in 1797 by Nicholas Louis Vauquelin at Paris, France. Isolated
in 1828 by F. Wöhler at Berlin, Germany, and independently by A.A.B. Bussy at
Paris, France.
[Greek: beryllos = beryl]
French: beryllium
German: Beryllium
Italian: berillio
Spanish: berilio
Description: Beryllium is a silvery-white, lustrous, relatively
soft metal, which is obtained e.g. by the electrolysis of fused
BeCl2 . It is unaffected by air or water, even at red
heat. Beryllium is used in alloys with copper and nickel, and imparts excellent
electrical and thermal conductivities. The copper alloy is used to make spark-proof tools.
Materials properties
| Density: |
1847.7 [293 K] kg/m-3 |
| Melting point: |
1551+/-5 °K |
| Boiling point: |
3243 °K (under pressure) |
| Molar volume: |
4.88 cm3 |
| Thermal conductivity: |
200 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: |
11.5 x 10-6 K-1 |
| Electrical resistivity: |
4.0 x 10-8 [293 K] Wm |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility: |
-1.3 x 10-8(s) kg-1m3 |
| Young's modulus: |
318 GPa |
| Rigidity modulus: |
156 GPa |
| Bulk modulus: |
110 GPa |
| Poisson's ratio: |
0.02 GPa |
| Radii: |
Be2+ 34; atomic 113; covalent 89 |
| Electronegativity: |
1.57 (Pauling); 1.47 (Allred); 4.9 eV (absolute) |
| Effective nuclear charge: |
1.95 (Slater); 1.91 (Clementi); 2.27 (Froese-Fischer) |
| Number of Isotopes (incl. nuclear isomers): |
6 |
| Issotope mass range: |
6 -> 11 |
Biological data
| Biological role: |
None. |
| Toxicity |
|
| Toxic intake: |
13 mg kg-1(rat) |
| Lethal intake: |
LD50(acetate, intraperitoneal, rat) = 317mg kg-1 |
| Hazards: |
Beryllium is a deadly poison. It is also carcinogenic for laboratory animals and maybe for humans. Inhalation of beryllium dust causes severe and irreparable lung damage.
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| Level in humans |
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| Blood: |
< 1x10-5 mg dm-3 |
| Bone: |
0.003 p.p.m. |
| Liver: |
0.0016 p.p.m. |
| Muscle: |
0.00075 p.p.m. |
| Daily dietary intake: |
0.01 mg |
| Total mass of element in average [70 kg] person: |
0.036 mg |
Crystal data
| Crystal structure, (cell dimentions / pm), space group |
α-Be h.c.p. (a = 228.55,c=358.32) P63/mmc
β-Be b.c.c. (a = 255.15), Im3m
T(α->β)= 1523 K |
| X-ray diffraction: mass absorption coefficients (µ/ρ) /cm2g-1 : |
CuKα 1.50 MoKα 0.298 |
| Neutron scattering length, b/10-12cm: |
0.779 |
| Thermal neutron capture cross-section, σa/barns : |
0.0092 |
Geological data
| Mineral |
Formula |
Density |
Hardness |
Crystal apperance |
| Beryl* |
Be3Al2Si6O18 |
2.8 |
7.5 - 8 |
hex., vit. green/blue |
| Bertrandite |
Be2Si2O7(OH)2 |
2.60 |
6 - 7 |
orth., vit./pearly colorless |
| Chrysoberyl** |
BeAl2O4 |
3.75 |
8.5 |
orth., vit.green, yellow, brown |
| Gadolinite |
Be2FeY2Si2O10 |
4.4 |
6.5 - 7 |
mon., vit/greasy greenish-black |
| Herderite |
CaBe(PO4)(F,OH) |
3.01 |
5 - 5.5 |
mon., vit.colorless/pale yellow |
*gem quality = emerald; **gem quality = Alexandrite, also known as "cat's eyes"
| Chief ore: |
beryl, bertrandite |
| World production: |
364 tonnes/year |
| Main mining areas: |
Brazil, USA, Madagascar, Germany, Czech Republic, Russia, India. |
| Reserves: |
400 000 tonnes |
| Specimen: |
available as lumps or powder. Danger! |
| Abundances |
|
| Sun: |
14 (relative to H = 1 x 1023) |
| Earth's crust: |
2.6 p.p.m. |
| Seawater: |
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| Atlantic surface: |
8.8 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
| Atlantic deep: |
17.5 x 10-8p.p.m. |
| Pacific surface: |
3.5 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
| Pacific deep: |
22 x 10-8 p.p.m. |
| Residence time: |
4000 years |
| Classification: |
recycled |
| Oxidation state: |
II |
Other sizes and specifications on request
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